Thyroid Nodules 2

How common are
nodules in the thyroid?

It is estimated that about 50% of the population will develop a small, unnoticeable thyroid nodule at some time in their life, making them very common.

Most nodules are never detected and do not cause problems. In fact, they are only found by doing an ultrasound, a CT scan, or MRI for other reasons. This is called a thyroid nodule incidentaloma.

Only 4-7% of the population will have a nodule that is large enough to be found by a physician feeling for it. They are more common in women and the incidence of nodules increases with age.

About 4% of women aged 20 years have a palpable nodule whereas 9% of women over age 70 have a palpable nodule. Nodules are only found in about 1% of men.

How do I tell
if I have a nodule?

You can check your own thyroid by standing in front of a mirror. Look at the area of your neck just above the notch where the collarbone comes together and just below the Adam’s apple. This is where the thyroid gland is located.

If possible, have a light shine from the side to throw a shadow over the area. Then tilt your head back slightly and watch this area for any shadows while you swallow.
If you see any prominence or enlargement in this area, you may have a thyroid nodule or an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter). See your physician for a more complete evaluation, as this does not mean that you do or do not have a nodule, but it can be an indicator.

You should also have your thyroid gland area examined during a general physical examination by a medical care provider.

Does radiation
cause nodules?

Certain forms of radiation have been associated with increased risk of cancerous nodules in the thyroid. The risk is small and you have to be exposed to very high amounts of radiation.

For example, radiation at Hiroshima, Chernobyl, and nuclear weapons testing sites in the United States in the 1940s to 1970s have all been associated with increased risk of thyroid nodules and cancer.

Regular X-rays, dental X-rays, and sun exposure are not known risk factors. However, if you had radiation treatments to your head, neck, tonsils, or thymus, you may be at a slightly increased risk of thyroid cancer. If you are concerned that you had exposure, see your doctor for an evaluation to determine whether you have thyroid nodules.

A detailed list of the
causes of thyroid nodules

1Benign, Colloid goiter nodule, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Follicular Adenoma,Hurthle cell adenoma,
Thyroglossal duct cyst, Subacute viral thyroiditis,
Sporadic C cell hyperplasia
2Malignant, Follicular cell origin, Papillary, Follicular,
Hurthle cell, Anaplastic, C cell origin, Medullary Carcinoma,
Lymphoma, Metastatic to the thyroid, Kidney, Breast,
Lung, Melanoma
3Non thyroid lesions mimics, parathyroid cyst,
parathyroid adenoma, lymph node, Branchial cleft cyst,
Other epithelial cysts

Risk Factors for any given
nodule to harbor cancer

1Radiation exposure
2Family history of thyroid cancer: syndromes associated
Familial polyposis,Cowden’s and MEA 2
3Age 65
4Men > women they have higher proportion of cancer
5History of kidney, breast, lung and melanoma
6Vocal cord paralysis
7Abnormal lateral neck lymph nodes
8Firm nodule fixed to surrounding tissues

Simple Goiter: Not so Simple if you’re not treated

Large biopsy proven Benign Nodular Simple Goiter ( Not due to Hashimotos, and with normal TSH,T4,T3, and negative thyroid antibodies ) is causing local symptoms, and is a cosmetic problem as well. Prior to interventional procedures( ethanol PEI, and radiofrequency RFA ablation done by clinical thyroidologists surgery was the only solution.

Simple Goiter is a common thyroid disorder that because the thyroid blood tests for TSH and T4 are normal, the physician does not consider referring to a thyroid specialist for evaluation for therapy until things start to go wrong. When the thyroid goiter enlarges and causes symptoms they rush you off the the surgeon to have it removed. When the goiter starts to grow nodules they send you to a radiologist for a biopsy. Even if the biopsy is benign there is still a strong possibility you will see a surgeon who will tell you it is better to remove it. If the goiter causes rapid growth with or without pain and the ultrasound shows a cyst, your physician will again send you to the surgeon. After years of following your goiter without therapy it now becomes a cosmetic problem for you, he sends you to the surgeon. As you can see an untreated goiter that has not been evaluated and treated with non-invasive methods available to a clinical thyroidologist will usually end up under the surgeon’s knife.

Alternative to eventual surgery for simple goiters

1Normal TSH,T4 is not a reason not to treat the goiter with T4. The thyroid hormone output of the goiter will be decreased to 30% and the thyroid hormone therapy will fill in the rest. This is because the goiter is inefficient and will always need more TSH to replace the damaged parts with new thyroid cells. The new cells and the old damaged parts result in progressive slow enlargement. An example is the lady with a goiter bigger than her head with normal TSH,T4,T3 and no antibodies. Located in this massive goiter was enough normal thyroid to keep the blood tests normal while progressive enlargement occurred by TSH stimulated new thyroid cell growth. The vast majority of her goiter was non-functional and causing obstructive symptoms not to mention a major cosmetic problem.
2We first make sure there are no suspicious nodules growing already, and that the goiter is not simple but due the Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.A repeat biopsy would also inclue the latest Molecular markers BRAF RET/PTC and RAS etc. The initial evaluation to see if you are a candidate for either PEI or RFA is $2500.
3First I try a 6 month trial of thyroid hormone suppression. A growth marker called thyroglobulin or TG is drawn before therapy and repeated after 6 months. TG is increased by an enlarging goiter. The TG usually decreases by 50% if the goiter is responsive to T4 therapy. I continue T4 in those patients who respond. The ones who do not respond with TG decrease are followed at 6 month intervals watching for the the onset of nodules and cancer by neck exams and endocrine neck ultrasound.
TG was first used to follow thyroid cancer patients, but all thyroid cells make it so it is a cancer marker after thyroidectomy only. Normal thyroid glands and goiters make TG. The larger the goiter the higher the TG.
4Complex Cyst formation can now be treated without surgery. However, your physician may only know about surgery. You need to refuse surgery and seek a thyroidologist to do ethanol ablation therapy PEI for your FNA biopsy benign large cyst. I remove the cyst fluid and replace it with ethanol in a simple outpatient procedure. It saves you the morbidity of a thyroidectomy, hospital stay and recovery for $2,500 vs a $50,000 surgery. Go to Video Endocrinology journal or Vimea or Utube for my video of PEI. The evaluation and therapy for PEI is $5000. One year follow up with neck examinationsTSH and ultrasounds is $1500 for 1,3,6,9 12 month visits.
5Large benign solid nodules can be treated with usually one visit to a radiofrequency ablation RFA endocrinologist. An outpatient procedure that solves the symptoms and cosmetic problems of the nodule and reduces the size progressively over 4 years without a second RFA procedure in most cases. Again a simple non-surgical therapy for a simple goiter. I will do the pre-RFA evaluation in my center average fee of $ 2500 and send you to Asia or Europe for the RFA procedure as it is not FDA approved in the US as of 2015. With my evaluation ultrasound and biopsies you can spend as little as 3 days in the town where the RFA is done.. The fee for the RFA procedure is around $4000 if you are not a EU citizen, and free if you are. Korea is the second place that is expert in thyroid RFA. After you return to he US I can follow up with blood and ultrasound to determine the extent of nodule reduction at 3,6,12,24 months. The post RFA follow up is for ultrasounds. The fee is $500/ visit including neck examinations and TSH.
6The last non-surgical alternative for benign large goiter is radioiodine therapy. Because the uptake of iodine is relatively low in simple goiters a booster shot of a very small amount of Thyrogen ( rTSH ) is usually needed to increase the uptake and drive the radioiodine into the goiter. This is the least used of the alternatives because many patients do not like the idea of radiation even if it has a low complication rate.

Well your simple goiter is not so simple after all. That is why you must request a referral to a non-surgeon endocrine thyroidologist, sonologist who is certified in endocrine neck ultrasound ECNU by American College of Endocrinology. Check thyroid.org for one near you, or visit me for a overnight complete evaluation to see if you are a candidate for any of these therapy options instead of waiting for the eventual referral by your physician to have your goiter removed.
If you have a thyroid nodule, you should have it evaluated by a physician trained in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocrinologists and clinical thyroidologists are the right specialists to see for nodule evaluation.

At Thyroid Center of Santa Monica, Richard Guttler, MD will take a careful history for risk factors for thyroid disease (including radiation exposure), do a physical examination, and order blood tests to check the activity of the gland. Some of the ways we can treat thyroid nodules using interventional thyroidology include nuclear medicine, ultrasound-guided PEI, and radioactive iodine.

Dr.Guttler’s Patient Alert to Epidemic of small harmless thyroid cancers that should not be biopsied

New patients with small thyroid nodules read this before you allow a thyroid biopsy to be done

This is a wake up call for all patients who have small thyroid nodules!

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